Federal system me power ek jagah concentrate nahi hoti – centre aur states dono ke paas defined spheres hote hain. Education, police, health, trade, taxation – sab kahi na kahi list me arranged hote hain.
Ideal federalism ka idea yeh hai ki national issues centre handle kare, local realities states sambhalein. Real world me clashes common hain – tax sharing pe, law & order pe, central agencies ke raids pe, governor roles pe.
Constitution distribution ke liye lists banata hai: union list, state list, concurrent list. Jahan overlap ho, waha general rule hota hai ki central law prevail karega, lekin states ko bhi kuch manoeuvre space milta hai. Courts kabhi-kabhi referee ban ke decide karte hain ki kiska domain tha.
Strong federalism se regional aspirations ko voice milti hai, policies ground realities ke closer rehti hain. Par completely fragmented power se national projects aur crisis management weak ho sakta hai. Balance milana hi challenge hai.
Political parties jab centre aur states me different hoti hain, tab federal structure ka real stress test hota hai – aur wahin legal principles ka importance samne aata hai.
